One Pager IPC-IG
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Publicação Zakat practices around the world(2022) Hammad, MayaZakat, an obligatory donation, is the third of the five main pillars of Islam. The implementation of Zakat and its use in social protection differs extensively from one country context to the next. For this purpose, the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) has collaborated with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Afghanistan Country Office to produce this paper, which aims to represent the different modalities of how Zakat collection and distribution systems operate in the world.Publicação Workers in the informal sector and contributory social insurance schemes—the case of Tanzania(2017) Myamba, Flora"The report by the Organisation for Economic co-Operation and Development (OECD) entitled 'Social Protection in East Africa: Harnessing the Future' (OECD 2017), recently produced by the European Union Social Protection Systems (EU-SPS) project, points to the low coverage rates of social protection in the informal sector in East Africa as one of seven great challenges that will need to be addressed in the next 50 years. For years now, many developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa have been poor and vulnerable, with high rates of informality in their labour markets: the majority of both rural populations involved in agriculture and the urban poor work in the informal sector. Public-sector social protection mechanisms have remained weak or even non-existent; therefore, the burden to protect the population from risks and social and economic shocks has been placed on the families and communities themselves—and mainly on women. This is the essence of traditional (and informal) social protection in sub-Saharan Africa, the perception of which has been used to justify the low resources allocated to this sector in government-led policies and programmes". (...)Publicação Women's earning power and wellbeing(2009) Kakwani, Nanak; Son, Hyun H.Most people belong to a household (or family). They share happiness, sorrows and, more importantly, resources that are generated by household members. The vast majority of economic activities take place within households. A variety of decisions about labor force participation, education, expenditures, saving, asset accumulation, investments, marriage and fertility are made within households. What goes on within households critically affects growth, income distribution and poverty in a country. (...)Publicação Will the COVID-19 pandemic accelerate or slow global job displacement?(2021) McKinley, TerryThis One Pager focuses on the likely global job repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic within the context of already expanding digitalisation, as well as automation and robotics, focusing on the implications of a recent thought-provoking report by the McKinsey Global Institute: "The Future of Work after COVID-19".Publicação Why Not ‘Front-load’ ODA for HIV/Aids?(2007) Serieux, John; McKinley, TerryGlobal funds available to combat HIV/Aids are estimated to reach about US$ 9 billion in 2007. Although this amount will be only about half of what is needed, it is, nevertheless, substantial. Used effectively, such donor financing could help stem the pandemic’s spread and mitigate its effects. In fact, disbursing the balance of such financing early on - ‘front-loading’ it - should be a priority. But there is considerable resistance to doing so. Why is this the case? (...)Publicação Why Is Africa Constrained from Spending ODA?(2007) McKinley, TerryAttaining the MDGs in sub-Saharan Africa calls for a dramatic scaling up of Official Development Assistance. Yet governments have been constrained from spending the bulk of aid received in recent years. If aid cannot be spent, donors might ask: why give it? A better question is: what is preventing the spending? (...)Publicação Why Have Tax Reforms Hampered MDG Financing?(2007) McKinley, TerryIPC One Pager #39 called for greater ambition in raising domestic revenue for MDG strategies in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It advocated boosting revenue by four percentage points of GDP by 2015. This One Pager examines why tax reforms achieved less than half this increase in these countries between the early 1990s and early 2000s. (...)Publicação Why Aid Does Not Increase Savings Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa?(2009) Serieux, John; McKinley, TerrySince the mid-1980s, sub-Saharan Africa has had the lowest savings and investment rates of any region in the world. It has also been the recipient of the highest levels of Official Development Assistance relative to output. Hence, many analysts have been concerned that ODA might be having a negative impact on domestic savings.Publicação Which Poverty Line? A Response to Reddy(2008) Ravallion, MartinSome years ago a consensus emerged in the development community on the idea of an international poverty line of around $1 a day at purchasing power parity. This became the focus of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG), which calls for halving the 1990 $1 a day poverty rate by 2015. In a recent IPC One Pager, “Are Estimates of Poverty in Latin America Reliable?”, Sanjay Reddy asserts that this poverty line is “arbitrary” and “unreliable.” He feels that the line is too low to reflect well the cost of not being considered poor in Latin America.(...)Publicação Where the Line is Drawn. A Rejoinder to Ravallion(2008) Pogge, ThomasMartin Ravallion’s “One Pager” No. 66 focuses on two key issues: the level of the World Bank’s international poverty line (IPL) and its conversion to other currencies and years. Having written on conversion before (“One Pager” No. 54), I can be brief. The purchasing power parities the Bank uses to convert its IPL into other currencies at best preserve purchasing power equivalence relative to the pattern of international household consumption. Similarly, the consumer price indices the Bank uses to convert the results to other years at best preserve purchasing power equivalence relative to each national household consumption basket. Such conversions are unsuitable within a poverty measurement exercise because the prices of necessaries play a much greater role in the lives of the poor than in general consumption expenditure. (...)Publicação Where Are the Jobs that Take People Out of Poverty in Brazil?(2008) Machado, Ana Flávia; Ribas, Rafael PerezIn Brazil’s urban areas, job opportunities determine economic mobility and poverty. But not every job provides enough earnings to take families out of poverty. Jobs for poor workers are scarce in the formal sector. To improve their income, the poor resort to informal, unregistered jobs that are highly vulnerable. The contribution of informal jobs to poverty reduction should not be neglected.Publicação What Is the Impact of the Bolsa Família Programme on Education?(2010) Glewwe, Paul; Kassouf, Ana LúciaMany researchers have shown that Brazil’s Bolsa Família programme had a large impact on reducing poverty and income inequality. But evidence for the programme’s impact on educational outcomes is in short supply. Does Bolsa Família increase school enrolment? Does it reduce dropout rates? Does it improve grade promotions? (...)Publicação What Is the Impact of Cash Transfers on Labour Supply?(2009) Teixeira, Clarissa GondimSince the 1990s, Latin American governments have implemented various conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs). The objective of CCTs is to alleviate poverty in the short run and create conditions for upward social mobility in the long run through human capital investments. CCTs target families living below the poverty lines, focusing on children and school-age adolescents. (…)Publicação What is poverty? Good Question(2006) McKinley, TerryThe emergence of people-centred poverty measures in the late 1990s, first introduced by UNDP’s Human Development Report, was a hopeful sign that poverty analysis would be re-aligned with the human development paradigm. But progress has been slowed by ambiguities. Moreover, some recent efforts have tried to redefine human poverty in income-poverty terms. (...)Publicação What is Poverty?(2006) Kakwani, NanakReducing poverty has become a major concern of development policy. To inform policy, research on poverty has focused on income or consumption based poverty measures. Yet it is now increasingly realized that poverty is multidimensional, encompassing all important human requirements. Poverty is now widely viewed in terms of capability deprivation. (...)Publicação What is Inclusive Growth? An Alternative Perspective(2013) Suryanarayana, M. H.Ever since UNDP started advocating for ‘inclusive growth’, developing countries have set it as an avowed goal of their long-term strategies. However, there is no universally accepted definition of the concept or how to measure it, which are important considerations for policy formulation as well as evaluation. (…)Publicação What is Happening with El Salvador’s CCT Programmes?(2012) Soares, Fabio VerasEl Salvador’s Red Solidaria was designed in 2005 as a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programme with the traditional objectives of short-term poverty alleviation and incentives for investment in human capital. In addition to the CCT component, it had two other components: one related to improving the supply of social services and infrastructure, and another related to increasing the productivity and diversification of the income sources of poor families (Britto, 2007). (…)Publicação What Impact Does Inflation Targeting Have on Unemployment?(2009) Divino, Jose AngeloIPC One Pager 51 argued that inflation targeting has only slim prospects of success. This One Pager presents the findings of a recent empirical study of the impact of inflation targeting in a cross section of developing and emerging countries. The reasons usually given to justify adoption of this policy regime are transparency and credibility in monetary policy, the reduction of uncertainty, and implementation of the institutional and economic reforms required by the new regime. For developing and emerging countries, however, the economic benefits of inflation targeting are not yet well documented. (...)Publicação What Explains the Decline in Brazil’s Inequality?(2009) Hailu, Degol; Soares, Sergei Suarez DillonThe economics profession has long debated whether there is a trade-off between growth and equity. Countries that pursued inequality-reducing strategies have been warned that growth will be affected, and hence that poverty increases. The harbingers of doom advocated a growth-focused strategy. Their assumption was that the income of the poor rises in direct proportion to economic growth. The truth is more like this: economies with more equal income distribution are likely to achieve higher rates of poverty reduction than very unequal countries. In this One Pager we consider if this is the case in Brazil.Publicação What Do We Mean by “Feminization of Poverty”?(2008) Medeiros, Marcelo; Costa, JoanaThe “feminization of poverty” is an idea that dates back to the 1970s. It was popularized at the start of the 1990s, not least in research by United Nation agencies. The concept has various meanings, some of which are not entirely consistent with its implicit notion of change. We propose a definition that is in line with many recent studies in the field: the feminization of poverty is a change in poverty levels that is biased against women or female-headed households. (...)