Comércio Interno

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/17401

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Serviços e desenvolvimento econômico no Brasil : aspectos setoriais e suas implicações
(Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 1974) Almeida, Wanderly J. Manso de
Busca uma caracterização detalhada da atividade terciária no Brasil e investiga suas implicações no processo de desenvolvimento, procurando ainda enfatizar a situação recente da economia brasileira. A abordagem escolhida coloca em evidência os aspectos do crescimento do produto e da força de trabalho, bem como as perspectivas de absorção de mão-de-obra nas atividades terciárias. As conclusões da análise estão resumidas e ponderadas no final do volume, e destacam a problemática do emprego no País, oferecendo várias sugestões de política, de grande interesse prático.
Relatório : pontencialidades dinâmicas do setor terciário no Estado da Guanabara : volume I
(Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 1971-11) Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea)
O presente relatório orienta-se para a determinação dos mercados em relação aos quais a Guanabara tem capacidade competitiva própria, ou passará a tê-la, mediante adoção de uma série de medidas a serem adotadas pelas autoridades locais ou federais.
Mercado brasileiro de produtos petroquímicos
(Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 1973) Silva Filho, Amilcar Pereira da; Pinto, Maurício Jorge Cardoso; Ribeiro, Antonio Carlos da Motta; Lago, Antonio Carlos de Araujo
Apresenta três estudos que visam divulgar os resultados obtidos e servir de subsídios aos trabalhos de órgãos governamentais e empresas privadas. Estuda o mercado brasileiro de fios e fibras têxteis, o mercado brasileiro de plásticos e o mercado brasileiro de elastômeros. Seguindo esquema mais ou menos padronizado, cada parte analisa os aspectos técnicos e históricos de cada produto, sua demanda e sua oferta no Brasil. Cada capítulo termina com conclusões práticas e recomendações técnicas e comerciais. Apresenta projeções para a indústria petroquímica até 1980.
O Impacto das exportações no emprego regional : um aspecto pouco considerado na política de desenvolvimento do Nordeste
(Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 1997-12) Souza, Aldemir do Vale
Neste trabalho, destaca-se a importância do comércio, em particular o comércio interregional, para argumentar que as exportações desempenharam um papel crucial na dinâmica do emprego regional até meados da década passada. Para ilustrar sua hipótese, o autor utiliza as matrizes de insumo-produto do Nordeste (1980/85) para estimar o total de empregos (diretos e indiretos) vinculados às exportações, agrupando as estimativas de acordo com os diferentes mercados regionais e o internacional. A análise dos resultados revela a importância da redução do déficit comercial com a economia paulista e suas implicações no emprego da indústria regional. De forma indireta, o trabalho propõe uma visão divergente da noção de que o desenvolvimento regional teria ocorrido de forma dependente, considerando anômalo o fato de as empresas incentivadas se voltarem predominantemente para mercados não regionais. O autor concorda com a visão de que o desenvolvimento industrial da região dependeu de importações de insumos, bens de capital e poupança de outras regiões, especialmente do Sudeste do país, mas discorda da ênfase dada a esse aspecto e se opõe à crítica direcionada ao principal mercado da indústria regional.
Workshop Liberalização Comercial e Mercado de Trabalho no Brasil
(Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 2001-04) Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea)
Este Workshop objetivou, entre outras coisas, promover o debate sobre a experiência brasileira de liberalização comerciai e sobre seus efeitos no mercado de trabalho e na distribuição de renda, criar uma rede de pesquisa sobre o tema e discutir e propor políticas públicas relacionadas á liberalização comercial e mercado de trabalho.
The Welfare Impacts of Changes in the Brazilian Domestic Work Market
(2012) Domingues, Edson Paulo; Souza, Kênia Barreiro de
Domestic workers, who are mostly women, are among those who have benefited most from increases in real wages in Brazil. However, despite their salaries having risen more than those of other work categories, they are still far lower than those of other occupations. In this context, Domingues and Souza (2012) investigate the economic consequences of the changes that took place in the domestic services market between 2005 and 2011. (…)
The Rich Expand, the Poor Contract. The Paradox of Macroeconomic Policy in Ethiopia
(2009) Hailu, Degol
Rich countries have earmarked about $7 trillion to reverse the current global economic slump. The United States allotted $700 million to rescue ailing banks. About $180 billion was used to rescue just one insurer (AIG). A $787 billion stimulus package is also in place. The United Kingdom set aside $692 billion. The Chinese announced a $586 billion fiscal stimulus. Monetary policy has also become expansionary. The US and the UK cut interest rates to zero per cent and 0.5 per cent, respectively. Can low-income countries embark on such expansionary fiscal and monetary policies? Unfortunately not, as the case of Ethiopia demonstrates. (...)
The Programa Subsidio de Alimentos in Mozambique: Baseline Evaluation
(2010) Soares, Fabio Veras; Hirata, Guilherme Issamu; Ribas, Rafael Perez
The Food Subsidy Programme (Programa Subsidio de Alimentos, PSA) is the main basic social protection programme of the government of Mozambique in terms of coverage. It was established in 1990 to help the destitute elderly (women above 55 and men above 60), people living with a disability, the chronically sick and their dependants by providing a monthly cash transfer. The programme falls under the mandate of the Ministry for Women and Social Action (MMAS), while implementation is the responsibility of the National Institute for Social Action (INAS), the Ministry’s executing agency. By the end of 2008, the PSA covered 143,455 households with a total of 287,454 beneficiaries. The main direct beneficiaries were the elderly (93 per cent), followed by people living with disabilities (6 per cent) and the chronically ill (1 per cent). The general eligibility criteria are: age, residency for more than six months in the selected area, per capita earnings less than the minimum benefit on the PSA scale, and/or recognised by medical declaration to be chronically ill or living with a disability. Potential beneficiaries are selected by a local intermediary (known as a Permanente) chosen by the community and appointed by INAS, after which the application undergoes an approval process within the INAS delegation. Although the PSA is a national programme, it does not reach the entire eligible population and its coverage is unequally distributed across districts. This is the result of the absence of an expansion strategy based on poverty incidence and population density. Expansion of the PSA was initially restricted to urban areas in order to mitigate the effects of the post-war structural adjustment programme on the urban population (Low et al., 1999). Currently, expansion to remote rural areas is a programme priority. The programme’s administrative cost is considered high relative to the amount transferred to the beneficiaries (Ellis, 2007). Though the programme is the largest in terms of the number of beneficiaries, its coverage is low relative to the potential universe of beneficiaries. Expansion of the programme tends to diminish the administrative costs in relative terms. In 2008, the PSA underwent two important reforms. First, the subsidy scale increased. The subsidy amount for the first (direct) beneficiaries rose from 70 to 100 meticais (US$2.5 to US$3.6), and the additional benefit for dependants increased from 10 to 50 meticais (US$0.36 to US$1.80) per dependant up to four. The second reform was the greater focus on the inclusion of eligible dependants as indirect beneficiaries in the payment scheme, and the monitoring and evaluation system. Though it is a relatively old programme, it has never been evaluated before. An opportunity to conduct an evaluation has arisen in the context of the reforms. This Policy Research Brief seeks to improve knowledge of the PSA by presenting the first part of the PSA impact evaluation—that is, the summary of the baseline report.
The Impacts of Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Programme on Community Dynamics
(2015) Pozarny, Pamela; Brien, Clare O’
“Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer (SCT) programme was launched in Mchinji district in 2006. The programme provides regular cash payments to ultra-poor and labour-constrained households. It seeks to reduce poverty and hunger; increase school enrolment and attendance; and improve the health, nutrition and well-being of vulnerable children. Operated by the Ministry of Gender, Children and Community Development, the programme had reached approximately 30,000 households in seven districts by August 2013 and is expected to serve 300,000 households by 2015.”(…)
The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Nutrition: The South African Child Support Grant
(2007) Agüero, Jorge M.; Carter, Michael R.; Woolard, Ingrid
In light of research that has argued that the income elasticity of nutrition is low, the goal of a new generation of cash transfer programmes to boost the nutrition of poor families' children may seem surprising. This observation applies especially to South Africa's unconditional Child Support Grant (CSG), in which cash grants are made to families with no strings attached. However, in contrast to the market-generated income increases that identified low nutritional elasticities in the earlier studies, the income increases generated by the South African cash transfers are almost exclusively assigned to women. Taking advantage of a slow programme rollout that created exogenous variation in the extent of CSG treatment received by beneficiaries in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, this Working Paper utilizes the continuous treatment method of Hirano and Imbens (2004) to estimate the impact of these transfers on child nutrition as measured by child height-for-age. Large dosages of CSG treatment early in life are shown to significantly boost child height. Drawing on the best estimates in the literature, these estimated height gains in turn suggest large adult earnings increases for treated children and a discounted rate of return on CSG payments of between 160 per cent and 230 per cent.
The effects of conditionality monitoring on educational outcomes: evidence from Brazil’s Bolsa Família programme
(2016) Paiva, Luis Henrique; Soares, Fábio Veras; Cireno, Flavio; Viana, Iara Azevedo Vitelli; Duran, Ana Clara
"Conditional cash transfer programmes have been increasingly adopted by several lowand middle-income countries. Despite this overall acceptance, conditionalities remain under scrutiny regarding their possible independent effects on educational and health indicators. This paper is an ecological study of conditionalities in Brazil's Bolsa Família programme. As programme coverage (taken as a proxy of cash transfers) and monitoring and enforcement of the educational conditionalities (proxy of conditionalities) are not correlated at the municipal level, this study fits a number of different ordinary least square (OLS) and growth-curve models to explain variations in drop-out rates and school progression in basic education in public schools across municipalities". (…)
Social Protection Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: El Salvador
(2015) Franzoni, Juliana Martinez; Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego
"Since the end of a civil war in 1992, El Salvador has embarked on important policy transformations. Despite volatile economic growth—6 per cent annually over the first half of the 1990s and 3 per cent since then—social policy has grown in prominence. Public social spending grew from 8 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1998 to 13 per cent in 2009 and from USD191 per capita to USD382 per capita over the same period. Having grown 3.2 percentage points, more than any other sector, social security today represents the largest sector for social spending, followed by health and education." (...)
Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth
(2012) Nehring, Ryan
Like many new Latin American governments, Ecuador is revamping social spending and developing a specific strategy to enhance social protection and alleviate poverty. The country has already made and continues to make important strides in the implementation of inclusive social policies to combat inequality while supporting productive employment opportunities. Notably, the country’s Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programme, the Human Development Grant (Bono de Desarrollo Humano, BDH), has been highlighted as an innovation in effective targeting and substantial coverage. Since the election of Rafael Correa as President in 2006, recent changes have ushered in new development strategies and the adoption of a national development plan (Buen Vivir in Spanish; Sumak Kawsay in Quichua) for four years (2009–2013). Likewise, the new constitution drafted in 2008 by the Constitutional Assembly passed with over 80 per cent of the popular vote and created a new constitutional foundation for the expansion of innovative social protection policies and a fundamentally new approach for more inclusive economic growth. (...)
Simulating the impact on labour earnings and per capita household income of a Brazilian government programme to protect jobs from the COVID-19 pandemic
(2020) Costa, Joana; Reis, Mauricio Cortez
Social distancing strategies to control the spread of COVID-19 are necessary to save lives but may have severe consequences for livelihoods. To avoid the widespread destruction of jobs in the formal sector during the pandemic, the Brazilian government has introduced the Emergency Income and Jobs Maintenance Programme. To assess the impact of the Programme on household income, the authors simulate counterfactual household incomes and find that it is an important tool to preserve jobs, wages and household incomes, especially for low-wage employees.
Scaling-up Local Development Initiatives: Brazil’s Food Procurement Programme
(2013) Nehring, Ryan; McKay, Ben
Brazil aims to eradicate extreme poverty in the country by scaling-up policy initiatives for ‘productive inclusion’ and incorporating all extreme poor households into the country’s non-contributory social protection scheme. Brasil sem Miséria (Brazil without Misery), targets the Brazilian population living below the extreme poverty line of R$70 (US$35) a month— approximately 16.2 million people (Gov. of Brazil, 2012). According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) almost 47 per cent of those living below this benchmark are located in rural areas while the Northeastern region of the country has the highest percentage of extreme poverty. (…)
Scale of Public Procurement of Food and its Implications for Promoting Inclusive Agricultural Growth
(2015) Schwengber, Rovane Battaglin; Ribeiro, Eduardo Pontual; Soares, Fábio Veras; Orair, Rodrigo Octávio
"Despite the drastic reduction of poverty in Brazil, its incidence and severity is still greater for families living in rural areas, even more so when the head of the household works in agricultural activities. Family farming encompasses 84 per cent of rural establishments in the country yet represents only 24 per cent of total agricultural land. In 2013, for instance, 9 per cent of the people living in rural areas were extremely poor, in contrast to 4 per cent for the entire population. Where the head of the household was considered to work primarily in agriculture, this percentage increased to 11 per cent (Schwengber et al. 2015). Structured demand policies use government resources as a tool to provide a stable market and price benchmarks for family farmer production." (…)
Reformulation of income transfers in Brazil: simulations and challenges
(2021) Paiva, Luís Henrique; Bartholo, Leticia; Souza, Pedro H. G. Ferreira de; Orair, Rodrigo Octávio
This One Pager presents simulations for the future of non-contributory transfers in Brazil, discussing the dilemmas of various designs and estimating costs and possible impacts on poverty and inequality. The authors also analyse a series of operational and budget-related challenges to implementation.
Privatisation and Renationalisation: What Went Wrong in Bolivia’s Water Sector?
(2009) Hailu, Degol; Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro; Tsukada, Raquel
This paper investigates the concentration of access to safe water across income levels in Bolivia. In particular, it focuses on how privatisation has changed coverage, affordability and the concentration of access to water on the part of the poor. We compare the performance of cities in which the service was privatised (La Paz and El Alto) with a city in which it is managed as a cooperative (Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and one where the service is publicly provided (Cochabamba). We examine the pre- and post-privatisation periods. Close inspection of the household surveys reveals that access to water by low-income consumers increased in the periods when the service was provided under private concessions. Coverage has expanded significantly in the bottom quintiles of the population in the cities where water was privatised, and thus access to water is more equitable. The state, however, renationalised the water utility. What went wrong, then, in Bolivia’s water sector? The answer is that the private concessionaire failed to meet the targets stipulated in the concession contract. The tariff increases required for full cost recovery eventually led to public outrage that forced the government to terminate the contract. (...)
Poverty, inequality and redistribution: A methodology to define the rich
(2006) Medeiros, Marcelo
The paper proposes a simple methodology to estimate an affluence line that depends on the knowledge of the income distribution and the poverty line for a given population. The idea that poverty is morally unacceptable and can be eradicated through redistribution of wealth provides the grounds for the methodology. The line is defined as the value that delimitates the aggregated income required to eradicate poverty by the way of transfers from the rich to the poor. I estimate an affluence line using Brazilian 1999 National Household Survey data and briefly discuss the results.
Poverty profile: rural North and Northeast of Brazil Investing in rural people
(2016) Soares, Sergei; Souza, Laetícia De; Silva, Wesley; Silveira, Fernando Gaiger; Campos, Áquila
"Fortunately, both poverty and extreme poverty have shown a significant decrease in Brazil. According to data from the National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios—PNAD), poverty dropped over 20 per cent between 2004 and 2013, to about 9 per cent of the Brazilian population. Extreme poverty fell from about 7 per cent to 4 per cent over the same period. Much of this decline was due to the expansion of then labour market and the significant increase in transfers to poor households, through both social security and the Bolsa Família programme (Rocha 2013)". (...)

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