Beyond traditional aid : a comparative analysis of chinese-funded infrastructure in Kenya and Ethiopia, 2010-2023

Abstract

Over the last decade and a half, China has expanded its trade relations with Africa, becoming the leading economic partner for numerous nations across the continent. This article examines South-South Cooperation (SSC) in the infrastructure sector, focusing on Chinese engagement in Kenya and Ethiopia between 2010 and 2023. These countries were selected due to their central role in Africa’s economic dynamics and their historical diplomatic ties with Beijing. The case studies reveal that African states are not merely passive recipients of SSC; rather, both Kenya and Ethiopia demonstrate significant agency by aligning Chinese infrastructure investments with their own national development agendas. Contrary to the narrative of China as a new hegemonic power, this paper argues that China acts as a strategic partner that respects sovereignty and promotes mutual benefit – notwithstanding the risks associated with rising debt levels. Therefore, China offers a cooperation framework that distinctively contrasts with the models established by traditional donors.