Research Report IPC-IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/17475
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Publicação Universalizar a alfabetização em Maceió: subsídios para a política pública(2016) Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro; Tufani, Cláudia Mayara; Rodrigues, Clarissa Guimarães; Moretti, Gianna Sanchez"Entre os muitos desafios que se apresentam ao desenvolvimento humano de Maceió, e de Alagoas, a educação é um dos principais, e, em seu âmbito, universalizar a alfabetização. Em 2010, a rede municipal já conseguia oferecer vagas no ensino fundamental para quase todas as crianças, com êxito quase absoluto em alfabetizá-las – ainda que nem sempre na "idade certa". Falta pouco para a universalização da alfabetização entre as novas gerações. No entanto, no passado, nem todas as crianças tinham a oportunidade de ir à escola, e nem todas as que passavam pela escola se alfabetizavam. Assim, ainda existem muitos adultos analfabetos na capital. Esse contingente foi reforçado ao longo de décadas por imigrantes de outros municípios de Alagoas e dos estados limítrofes, cujas redes de ensino também deixaram de alfabetizar uma quantidade significativa de pessoas". (...)Publicação Sumario Ejecutivo—Niñas, niños y adolescentes en movimiento: dimensión y respuesta pública desde la protección social – Un análisis de la migración venezolana en países de América Latina y el Caribe(2022) Palomo, Nurth; Machado, Anna Carolina; Sato, LucasHasta febrero de 2021 un total de 5,4 millones de venezolanos estaban desplazados de su país. Casi el 80 por ciento de ellos emigraron a otros países de América Latina y el Caribe. Esta población, especialmente los niños, niñas y adolescentes desplazados, enfrenta diversos riesgos y vulnerabilidades en todas las etapas del proceso migratorio. Las políticas de protección social tienen un gran potencial para mitigar estos riesgos, pero los inmigrantes generalmente enfrentan desafíos legales y administrativos para acceder a los sistemas de protección social. En este contexto, este informe de investigación desarrollado por el Centro Internacional de Políticas para el Crecimiento Inclusivo (IPC-IG) y la Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF LACRO) analiza el acceso de los venezolanos desplazados a los sistemas nacionales de protección social de los siete principales países de acogida - Colombia, Perú, Chile, Ecuador, Brasil en América del Sur; Panamá en América Central; y Trinidad y Tobago en el CaribePublicação Sumario Ejecutivo—Las transferencias en efectivo con enfoque universal en América Latina y el Caribe(2022) Bacil, Fabianna; Burattini, Beatriz; Lang, João Pedro; Rolon, Camila; Loessl, MerindahLos niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) están expuestos a una multitud de riesgos, que se han agravado debido a las repercusiones socioeconómicas del COVID-19. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de mejorar la protección de los NNA, que ya se enfrentaban a mayores tasas de pobreza que otros grupos de edad antes de la crisis. Este informe analiza las transferencias monetarias universales en América Latina y el Caribe.Publicação Niñas, niños y adolescentes en movimiento: dimensión y respuesta pública desde la protección social – Un análisis de la migración venezolana en países de América Latina y el Caribe(2022) Palomo, Nurth; Machado, Anna Carolina; Sato, LucasHasta febrero de 2021 un total de 5,4 millones de venezolanos estaban desplazados de su país. Casi el 80 por ciento de ellos emigraron a otros países de América Latina y el Caribe. Esta población, especialmente los niños, niñas y adolescentes desplazados, enfrenta diversos riesgos y vulnerabilidades en todas las etapas del proceso migratorio. Las políticas de protección social tienen un gran potencial para mitigar estos riesgos, pero los inmigrantes generalmente enfrentan desafíos legales y administrativos para acceder a los sistemas de protección social. En este contexto, este informe de investigación desarrollado por el Centro Internacional de Políticas para el Crecimiento Inclusivo (IPC-IG) y la Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF LACRO) analiza el acceso de los venezolanos desplazados a los sistemas nacionales de protección social de los siete principales países de acogida - Colombia, Perú, Chile, Ecuador, Brasil en América del Sur; Panamá en América Central; y Trinidad y Tobago en el CaribePublicação Maternidad y paternidad en el lugar de trabajo en América Latina y el Caribe — políticas para la licencia de maternidad y paternidad y apoyo a la lactancia materna(2020) Centro Internacional de Políticas para el Crecimiento Inclusivo (IPC-IG); Consumers International (Foundation). Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe"Las licencias de maternidad, paternidad y parentales, así como las políticas de apoyo a la lactancia materna en el lugar de trabajo, como descansos y salas para la lactancia, son parte fundamental de los sistemas amplios de protección social y de las estrategias para el desarrollo del niño o niña en la primera infancia. El presente estudio examina y compara las políticas actuales de licencias, así como las de apoyo a la lactancia en 24 países de América Latina y el Caribe a partir de un análisis comparativo con las normas internacionales establecidas por la OIT, al igual que las mejores prácticas para este tipo de política en otros países". (...)Publicação Las transferencias en efectivo con enfoque universal en América Latina y el Caribe(2022) Bacil, Fabianna; Burattini, Beatriz; Lang, João Pedro; Rolon, Camila; Loessl, MerindahLos niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) están expuestos a una multitud de riesgos, que se han agravado debido a las repercusiones socioeconómicas del COVID-19. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de mejorar la protección de los NNA, que ya se enfrentaban a mayores tasas de pobreza que otros grupos de edad antes de la crisis. Este informe analiza las transferencias monetarias universales en América Latina y el Caribe.Publicação Towards an Employment-centred Development Strategy for Poverty Reduction in The Gambia: Macroeconomic and Labour Market Aspects(2008) Heintz, James; Oya, Carlos; Zepeda, EduardoThis paper reviews the growth, employment, and poverty record of The Gambia focusing on the macroeconomic environment and the structure and functioning of labour markets. Its aim is to identify areas where current policies can be improved or where more knowledge needs to be generated to better inform inclusive development strategies. The growth pattern of The Gambia does not appear to be pro-poor, as improvements in the rate of growth appear to have at best halted the spread of poverty. Weak productivity performance and the low quality of employment help explain the poverty record. On the macroeconomic side, an excessive emphasis on inflation reduction and reliance on rudimentary monetary policy instruments have helped sustain a high-interest rate environment, which discourages investment and employment creation. As part of an alternative policy package, The Gambia could reformulate macroeconomic policies to target growth instead of inflation, select a more effective mix of policy instruments, and pursue financial reforms to increase the supply of credit to the economy and particularly to employment-intensive activities. In addition, targeted public investments are essential for sustaining more rapid growth and improvements in employment opportunities. A review of the available evidence suggests that labour markets in The Gambia do not function in a way conducive to poverty reduction. The employment situation conforms to the typical configuration, whereby traditional activities and informality dominate rural and urban areas. The Gambia also faces high open unemployment rates in cities, particularly among the youth. Measures to increase the labour mobility of the poor are urgently needed. The Gambia has benefited from a rapid increase in literacy and basic education, although more progress is needed to improve the quality of education and, particularly, to provide comprehensive training that adequately meets the demand for skilled labour. Finally, there is an urgent need to overhaul labour institutions with the aim of improving labour conditions, reducing labour segmentation and improving knowledge systems.Publicação The role of socialprotection.org in fostering knowledge exchange and capacity-building in social protection through a knowledge brokering perspective(2022) Balboni, Mariana; Carvalho, Marina; Velloso, Patricia; Brito, RobertaThis report aims to analyse the socialprotection.org online platform’s capacity to deliver knowledge exchange and capacity-building services to the global social protection community through a knowledge brokering perspective.Publicação The role of social protection in young people's transition to work in the Middle East and North Africa(2020) Bird, Nicolò; Silva, WesleyUnderstanding the factors that limit transitions to decent work remains a central concern for policymakers, as changes in the world of work considerably affect the availability and distribution of quality jobs. Many of these global issues are mirrored in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This report focuses on the role of social protection to promote transitions to work for young people in MENA, especially among vulnerable groups.Publicação The Reduction of Fiscal Space in Zambia—Dutch Disease and Tight-Money Conditionalities(2008) Weeks, JohnDuring 2005-2006, appreciation of the Kwacha, Zambia’s currency, had a significant negative impact on public income. This exchange-rate effect received little notice in the debate over macroeconomic policy. The appreciation reduced fiscal space largely because of binding IMF conditionalities on monetary polices. The fiscal effect had two major revenue components: a fall in the domestic-currency income equivalent of official development assistance and a fall in trade taxes. In 2005, the negative effect on the public budget of the Kwacha appreciation was largely balanced by the positive impact on reducing external debt service. This positive impact ended, however, with debt relief and was almost zero after 2005. Obviously, these revenue effects, though little noticed, had negative implications for Zambia’s ability to achieve the MDGs. The Zambia experience underscores some important general lessons. It indicates, for example, the necessity to coordinate fiscal, monetary and exchange-rate policy in order to achieve sustained growth, employment generation and poverty reduction. Most important, this experience is also a clear example of the dysfunctional consequences of having low-inflation targets rule monetary policy. In the context of currency appreciation, setting limits on the domestic money supply prevents effective exchange-rate management. This necessarily creates, as a by-product, larger fiscal deficits and, consequently, more public borrowing. And these negative fiscal consequences could significantly constrict the resources that some developing countries need to achieve the MDGs.Publicação The potential of the socialprotection.org platform to support policymaking and innovation on social protection(2019) Peres, Aline; Slingsby, Ashleigh; Balboni, Mariana"There has been major progress in the reduction of extreme poverty globally in the past 25 years. According to the most recent poverty data produced by the World Bank (2018), the extreme poverty rate fell from 36 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2015. However, extreme poverty rates remain persistently high in low-income countries and in those countries most affected by conflict and political unrest. In addition, the speed of the decline has slowed, which raises concerns about the feasibility of reaching the poverty-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030". (...)Publicação The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on The Economy of Sierra Leone(2009) Weeks, JohnMost recent statistics indicate that the global financial crisis will cause a fall in export earnings in Sierra Leone of approximately fifteen percent in 2009 compared to 2008. A regression-based model estimates that this decline in exports earnings could result in a fall in national income of almost ten percent. Based on the income distribution in the 2003 household survey, a ten percent decline in national income would increase poverty by twelve percent of the population, or about 600,000 people. A fiscal stimulus of two percent of GDP could stabilise the economy at the level of 2008, preventing this disastrous increase in poverty. A stimulus package consisting of employment intensive public works programmes could be designed to return the economy to its pre-shock level with a reduction in poverty. (...)Publicação The Impact of Growth and Redistribution on Poverty and Inequality in South Africa(2007) Pauw, Kalie; Mncube, LibertyThis country study evaluates the experience of the South African economy with respect to growth, poverty and inequality trends since the advent of democracy in 1994. The post-apartheid government took a definite turn toward greater spending on social security, while job creation and a narrowing of the gap between the so-called first and second economies – the latter defined as the informal part of the economy that is also largely removed from formal sector activities – enjoyed priority in its economic strategy. Despite this focus on uplifting the poor, it remains unclear to what extent the government has been successful. Some controversy exists around whether relatively fewer South Africans are poor ten years after the democratic government came into power. There seems to be greater consensus among analysts that inequality has in fact increased. This study attempts to shed some light on these issues, drawing on recent South African literature and data.Publicação The Food Security Policy Context in South Africa(2011) Koch, JoseeSouth Africa is unlikely to feature at the top of the agenda at any international dialogue on food security. The country is a net exporter of agricultural commodities and has a high per capita income, even for an emerging economy. There are no tight foreign-exchange constraints, and the country is not landlocked. The innovative constitution entrenches the right to adequate nutrition, and this is the basis of the national Integrated Food Security Strategy (IFSS). Taking these features into account, one could easily conclude that food ought to be available and accessible in South Africa at all times. But is this conclusion correct? The confusing reality is that despite all the favourable indicators and South Africa’s national “food-secure” status, about 14 per cent of the population is estimated to be vulnerable to food insecurity, and 25 per cent of children under the age of six are reckoned to have had their development stunted by malnutrition (HSRC, 2004). (...)Publicação The Food Security Policy Context in Brazil(2011) Chmielewska, Danuta; Souza, DaranaBrazil currently offers an important conceptual framework for food and nutritional security, and a relevant context of related public policy and programming. Recently, moreover, the country included the right to food among the social rights stipulated in its constitution. These achievements are the result of a longstanding process of public intervention and broad social mobilisation that has involved a variety of stakeholders from the government and civil society. As far as public programming is concerned, several actions that may reflect on food and nutritional conditions were taken in Brazil throughout the twentieth century, such as the minimum wage in 1940, supply programmes, school meals and dining halls for workers in the 1950s, and food supplement programmes in the 1970s (CONSEA, 2009). (...)Publicação The Challenges of El Salvador’s Conditional Cash Transfer Programme, Red Solidaria(2007) Britto, TatianaIn the context of the increasing prominence of conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in the development agenda of many developing countries, this Country Study provides an analytic overview of the challenges faced by El Salvador’s CCT programme, Red Solidaria, (Solidarity Network). The purpose is to generate an information base for comparative studies on the prospects and potential difficulties of implementing CCTs in country settings different from those of the pioneer programmes, such as in Brazil and Mexico. The study describes Red Solidaria´s origins and components and discusses major aspects of its design and implementation. A particular emphasis is placed on the programme’s co-responsibilities, exit rules and targeting strategy. The study also covers the topics of institutional structures, intersectoral coordination and political support for such programmes. The conclusion is that Red Solidaria is an informative example of how a small country with limited resources can successfully set up a complex CCT programme. Still, the study notes that there are pending issues and remaining challenges for the programme. These relate, in particular, to strengthening mechanisms of local participation; coordinating the CCTs with other dimensions of Red Solidaria, such as productive projects; lengthening the duration of benefits for meeting human-capital objectives; clarifying eligibility requirements and how changes in family conditions can affect such requirements; and distinguishing conditionalities from ordinary programme co-responsibilities. An issue of overriding importance is to develop a broader long-term social protection strategy for El Salvador, with which CCTs would be integrated instead of being regarded as a stand-along programme.Publicação Strengthening the Employment Impact of an MDG-Based Development Strategy for Yemen(2006) McKinley, Terry; Mehran, FarhadThis Country Study seeks to identify employment policies for Yemen that would support an ambitious M DG -based Development Strategy. Based principally on Labour Force and Labour Dem and Surveysit analyzes Yemen’s labour force, structure of employment and unemployment, dem and for labour, and hours and wages. The study shows that the country is caught in a scissors between slow economic growth and rapid growth of the labour force. The result is widespread under employment and poverty. While Yemen currently enjoys a boon in oil revenues, its economy remains undiversified and suffers from low productivity and incomes. As a result, the Country Study proposes a four-pronged MDG -oriented Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction Strategy that would help the country reach the MDG s. This strategy is designed to accelerate economic growth, improve the employment intensity of growth, focus more resources on the poor and stimulate private-sector expansion, particularly in sectors with strong potential for growth and employment. (...)Publicação Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19, policy responses and the missing middle in South Asia(2020) (IPC-IG), International Policy Centre for Inclusive GrowthThis report documents the ongoing policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in South Asia and lessons that can be drawn for the future of social protection in the region. It discusses the epidemiological evolution of the disease and the containment measures adopted, the channels through which the pandemic and containment measures affect the economy and livelihoods and the monetary and fiscal responses enacted by governments in the region, focused on how social protection systems have adapted and expanded to respond to the pandemic, highlighting the challenges involved in reaching the 'missing middle': workers covered neither by social assistance nor by social insurancePublicação Social spending in South Asia—an overview of government expenditure on health, education and social assistance(2020) Bloch, CarolinaMany South Asian countries experienced changes in government and strong economic growth since the early 2000s. Poverty and social exclusion have received growing attention, and many governments in the region strengthened their commitments to ensure equal access to basic healthcare, education and adequate income. However, progress has been uneven and efforts to address structural challenges related to poverty and inequality are hindered by gaps in budgetary and institutional capacity.Publicação Social protection responses to COVID-19 in MENA: Design, implementation and child-sensitivity(2022) Bilo, Charlotte; Dytz, João Pedro; Sato, LucasCOVID-19 has affected all countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and groups already vulnerable before the crisis, such as children, have been particularly affected. Social protection can promote children’s well-being and reduce the negative impacts of crises on them, especially if their needs and vulnerabilities are taken into account. Against this background, the IPC-IG and UNICEF MENARO partnered to analyse the social protection responses to COVID-19 in MENA and assess the extent to which they took children’s needs into account.